STEP 2. CREATING A RESILIENCY PROGRAM 11 Exhibit 2.4 Electric Utility Resilience Enhancement Options Option, Definition, and Example Comparison Resilience Option Definition Example Hardening Physical changes that improve the durability and stability of specific pieces of infrastructure. (Author Note: In general, hardening refers to constructing or improving an overhead system asset or facility beyond the typical National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) requirements for a particular geography.) Raising and sealing water-sensitive equipment Security measures Measures that detect and deter intrusions, attacks, and/or the effects of manmade disasters In-depth security checks on all employees, badged entry and limited access areas, and surveillance and monitoring Maintenance and general readiness Routine efforts to minimize or prevent outages Vegetation management and regular inspection and replacement of worn-out components Modernization, control enhancements, and smart-grid technology Technology and materials enhancements to create a more flexible and efficient grid Integration of smart-grid technologies, such as smart meters and phasor measurement units Diversified and integrated grid Transitioning of the grid from a centralized system to a decentralized generation and distribution system Integration of distributed generation sources, such as renewable energy sources and establishment of micro-grids Redundancy, backup equipment, and inventory management Measures to prepare for potential disruptions to service Maintenance of spare equipment inventory, priority agreements with suppliers, and maintenance of a supply of backup generators Mutual aid programs (Preexisting plans before severe weather) Agreements that encourage entities to plan ahead and put in place mechanisms to acquire emergency assistance during or after a disaster Agreements between utilities to send aid or support after a disaster Succession training, knowledge transfer, and workforce development Planning for transfer of knowledge and skills from a large retiring workforce, to a smaller younger workforce Proactive efforts to create training and cross-training programs and succession plans Business continuity and emergency action planning A formal plan that addresses actions and procedures to maintain operations preceding an event Components including employee awareness, training, and exercising Models Mathematical constructs that provide information on performance and/or disruptions to aide in decision making Probabilistic risk models to assist in predicting outage impacts after an event Interpretative Note: Hardening typically refers to constructing or improving an overhead system asset or facility beyond the typical National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) requirements for a specific geography. Source: Silverstein, A., Gramlich, R., & Goggin, M. A Customer-focused Framework for Electric System Resilience. Washington, DC: Grid Strategies, LLC, 2018, pg. 40.
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